The effects of educational robotics in STEM education: a multilevel meta-analysis

Ouyang, Fan; Xu, Weiqi

doi:10.1186/s40594-024-00469-4

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 4 The overall results of moderator analysis

From: The effects of educational robotics in STEM education: a multilevel meta-analysis

Moderator variables	n	k	N	g	95% CI	p	SE	F(df1, df2)	σ² _{Level 3}	σ² _{Level 2}
a. Discipline								F(3, 25) = 3.9205*	0.000	0.429
a1. Science	4	5	427	− 0.613	[− 2.845, 1.618]	0.488	0.804
a2. Technology	7	10	617	0.947**	[0.463, 1.431]	0.002	0.214
a3. Mathematics	3	6	237	0.376	[− 0.285, 1.038]	0.204	0.257
a4. Cross-disciplinary	6	8	1092	0.414*	[0.032, 0.780]	0.032	0.155
b. Educational level								F(3, 25) = 2.5690	0.144	0.378
b1. Primary school	7	9	586	0.518*	[0.108, 0.928]	0.020	0.178
b2. Middle school	6	8	1164	− 0.189	[− 1.425, 1.048]	0.729	0.523
b3. High school	3	4	200	0.824	[− 0.070, 1.718]	0.061	0.281
b4. Higher education	5	8	304	1.052**	[0.394, 1.711]	0.007	0.279
c. Instructor support								F(1, 28) = 0.1951	0.345	0.336
c1. Support	15	19	1383	0.546*	[0.002, 1.095]	0.049	0.261
c2. No support	6	11	1050	0.312	[-0.398, 1.022]	0.351	0.319
d. Instructional strategy								F(3, 26) = 0.5636	0.000	0.398
d1. Problem-based learning	9	13	1036	0.440	[− 0.401, 1.280]	0.277	0.386
d2. Project-based learning	7	8	979	0.555*	[0.135, 0.975]	0.017	0.178
d3. Game-based learning	2	3	87	1.029***	[0.475, 1.583]	0.000	0.080
d4. Lecturing	3	6	331	0.025	[− 1.344, 1.395]	0.964	0.533
e. Interactive type								F(1, 26) = 0.0027	0.376	0.382
e1. One-to-one	6	13	487	0.523	[− 0.614, 1.661]	0.336	0.522
e2. In groups	14	15	1688	0.455*	[0.071, 0.840]	0.024	0.179
f. Intervention duration								F(2, 26) = 1.2442	0.365	0.305
f1. ≤ 1 day	3	7	314	0.263	[− 1.475, 2.001]	0.724	0.710
f2. > 1 day and ≤ 1 month	4	7	881	− 0.040	[− 1.733, 1.653]	0.955	0.692
f3. > 1 month	13	15	205	0.672***	[0.376, 0.967]	0.000	0.138
g. Robotic type								F(1, 28) = 0.9438	0.337	0.311
g1. Programming robot	18	24	2102	0.569*	[0.135, 1.004]	0.013	0.210
g2. Social robot	3	6	331	0.025	[− 1.344, 1.395]	0.964	0.533
h. Control group condition								F(1, 28) = 2.2099	0.240	0.373
h1. Traditional instruction	16	23	1466	0.614**	[0.252, 0.976]	0.002	0.175
h2. Other technology	5	7	642	− 0.026	[− 1.588, 1.537]	0.970	0.639

n: number of studies, k: number of effect sizes, N: number of participants; Level 3: between studies, Level 2: within studies; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

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