The effects of educational robotics in STEM education: a multilevel meta-analysis

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 2 Mean effect sizes of educational robotics on STEM learning

Effect size	n	k	N	g	SE	95% CI	Variance components
Effect size	n	k	N	g	SE	95% CI	σ² _{Level 3}	σ² _{Level 2}
Overall effects combined	21	30	2433	0.488	0.19	[0.094–0.882]	0.31 (0.55)	0.34 (0.58)
Learning performance	12	14	1082	0.665	0.18	[0.275–1.054]	0.05 (0.23)	0.07 (0.26)
Learning attitude	10	12	900	0.497	0.24	[0.023–1.017]	0.00 (0.00)	0.40 (0.63)
CT	4	4	451	0.079	0.10	[− 0.119–0.277]	–	–

n: number of studies, k: number of effect sizes, N: number of participants; Level 3: between studies, Level 2: within studies