Motivational climate predicts effort and achievement in a large computer science course: examining differences across sexes, races/ethnicities, and academic majors

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 7 Unstandardized and standardized estimates for the paths between the variables

Path			B	SE	t	p-value	β
All students^a
M	→	Effort	− 0.081	0.041	− 1.98	0.047	− 0.092
U	→	Effort	0.224	0.056	4.04	< 0.001	0.189
S	→	Effort	0.009	0.066	0.13	0.893	0.008
I	→	Effort	0.243	0.058	4.19	< 0.001	0.255
C	→	Effort	0.043	0.048	0.89	0.373	0.042
Cost	→	Effort	− 0.041	0.037	− 1.12	0.262	− 0.049
Effort	→	Grade	1.472	0.301	4.89	< 0.001	0.186
S	→	Grade	3.002	0.318	9.45	< 0.001	0.353
Restricted model for females and males^b
M	→	Effort	− 0.075	0.038	− 1.98	0.048	− 0.105
U	→	Effort	0.228	0.056	4.10	< 0.001	0.209
S	→	Effort	0.039	0.063	0.62	0.535	0.045
I	→	Effort	0.211	0.057	3.73	< 0.001	0.254
C	→	Effort	0.037	0.047	0.79	0.430	0.042
Cost	→	Effort	− 0.049	0.035	− 1.41	0.158	− 0.074
Effort	→	Grade	1.408	0.309	4.55	< 0.001	0.153
S	→	Grade	3.067	0.332	9.25	< 0.001	0.382
Restricted model for White and Asian groups^c
M	→	Effort	− 0.082	0.045	− 1.83	0.066	− 0.100
U	→	Effort	0.228	0.059	3.89	< 0.001	0.200
S	→	Effort	0.016	0.071	0.23	0.817	0.017
I	→	Effort	0.235	0.063	3.70	< 0.001	0.264
C	→	Effort	0.022	0.051	0.44	0.663	0.024
Cost	→	Effort	− 0.043	0.040	− 1.09	0.275	− 0.055
Effort	→	Grade	1.349	0.316	4.27	< 0.001	0.174
S	→	Grade	2.794	0.340	8.21	< 0.001	0.363
Restricted model for CS majors, CS minors, and other non-CS majors^d
M	→	Effort	− 0.082	0.041	− 2.02	0.044	− 0.096
U	→	Effort	0.231	0.054	4.24	< 0.001	0.185
S	→	Effort	0.026	0.063	0.42	0.675	0.024
I	→	Effort	0.256	0.057	4.48	< 0.001	0.264
C	→	Effort	0.043	0.047	0.92	0.356	0.044
Cost	→	Effort	− 0.038	0.036	− 1.07	0.283	− 0.048
Effort	→	Grade	1.411	0.302	4.67	< 0.001	0.179
S	→	Grade	2.870	0.318	9.02	< 0.001	0.331

^an = 801
^bn = 209 for females and n = 587 for males (five students who did not self-report their sex as female or male were not included in this analysis)
^cn = 357 for White and n = 331 for Asian
^dn = 480 for CS majors, n = 133 for CS minors, and n = 188 for other non-CS majors