Motivational climate predicts effort and achievement in a large computer science course: examining differences across sexes, races/ethnicities, and academic majors

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 3 Means, standard deviations, and one-way ANOVAs for the study variables by race/ethnicity

Variable	White		Asian		Black		Hispanic		One-way ANOVA
Variable	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	F(3, 916)	η²
Empowerment	4.2^a	1.0	4.3^a,b	0.9	4.1^a	1.1	4.7^b	0.9	4.37**	0.014
Usefulness	5.2^a	0.7	5.2^a	0.7	5.1^a	0.7	5.5^a	0.5	2.59	0.008
Success	4.9^a	0.8	4.7^b	0.8	4.8^a,b	0.8	5.0^a,b	0.6	5.12**	0.016
Interest	4.3^a	0.9	4.5^b	0.9	4.1^a	0.9	4.7^b	0.7	5.68***	0.018
Caring	4.8^a	0.9	4.8^a	0.8	4.6^a	0.7	5.1^a	0.7	2.29	0.007
Cost	3.3^a	1.1	3.6^b	1.0	3.5^a,b	1.1	3.5^a,b	0.8	6.39***	0.020
Ease	2.9^a	1.2	2.7^b	1.1	2.7^a,b	0.9	2.6^a,b	1.0	2.68*	0.009
Effort	4.7^a	0.9	4.8^a	0.9	4.7^a	0.8	4.9^a	0.8	0.43	0.001
Grade	88.1^a	6.4	88.0^a	6.6	83.6^b	9.7	87.2^a,b	7.9	5.88***	0.019

n = 449 for White students, n = 392 for Asian students, n = 40 for Black students, n = 39 for Hispanic students. ANOVA = analysis of variance
^a,bValues in the same row with the same superscript are not statistically significantly different
* < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001