Motivational climate predicts effort and achievement in a large computer science course: examining differences across sexes, races/ethnicities, and academic majors

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 1 Correlations, Cronbach’s alpha values, means, and measures of distribution for the variables

Variable	M	U	S	I	C	Cost	Ease	Effort	Grade
Empowerment (M)	1
Usefulness (U)	0.45	1
Success (S)	0.49	0.49	1
Interest (I)	0.67	0.62	0.51	1
Caring (C)	0.54	0.46	0.45	0.58	1
Cost	− 0.33	− 0.28	− 0.50	− 0.33	− 0.22	1
Ease	0.26	0.06^a	0.47	0.16	0.11	− 0.29	1
Effort	0.22	0.33	0.17	0.36	0.25	− 0.12	− 0.24	1
Grade	0.16	0.16	0.42	0.21	0.17	− 0.30	0.25	0.22	1
α	0.88	0.90	0.85	0.88	0.89	0.75	0.84	0.88	n/a
M	4.3	5.2	4.8	4.4	4.8	3.4	2.8	4.8	87.9
SD	1.0	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.8	1.1	1.2	0.9	6.8
Skewness	− 0.69	− 1.29	− 0.73	− 0.71	− 1.06	0.17	0.46	− 0.97	− 0.97
Kurtosis	0.48	3.02	0.76	0.78	2.23	− 0.34	− 0.27	1.36	1.44