How are primary school computer science curricular reforms contributing to equity? Impact on student learning, perception of the discipline, and gender gaps

El-Hamamsy, Laila; Bruno, Barbara; Audrin, Catherine; Chevalier, Morgane; Avry, Sunny; Zufferey, Jessica Dehler; Mondada, Francesco

doi:10.1186/s40594-023-00438-3

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 15 Unstandardised factor loadings, regression slopes and intercepts for the perception SEM (n = 1640, June 2022)

From: How are primary school computer science curricular reforms contributing to equity? Impact on student learning, perception of the discipline, and gender gaps

		CS education					No CS education
		Est.	Std. Err.	Z	p	\(R^2\)	Est.	Std. Err.	Z	p	\(R^2\)
Factor loadings
CS	CS interest	0.43	0.04	10.38	0.000	0.41	0.43	0.04	10.38	0.000	0.34
	CS utility	0.35	0.04	9.04	0.000	0.24	0.35	0.04	9.04	0.000	0.24
	CS self-efficacy	0.36	0.04	8.96	0.000	0.19	0.36	0.04	8.96	0.000	0.23
Tablets	Tablets interest	0.39	0.04	10.62	0.000	0.38	0.39	0.04	10.62	0.000	0.35
	Tablets utility	0.37	0.03	11.48	0.000	0.32	0.37	0.03	11.48	0.000	0.28
	Tablets self-efficacy	0.31	0.03	9.25	0.000	0.28	0.31	0.03	9.25	0.000	0.39
Robots	Robots interest	0.55	0.05	11.24	0.000	0.38	0.55	0.05	11.24	0.000	0.35
	Robots utility	0.48	0.04	10.79	0.000	0.34	0.48	0.04	10.79	0.000	0.29
	Robots self-efficacy	0.59	0.05	11.43	0.000	0.39	0.59	0.05	11.43	0.000	0.42
Role model	Role models—teacher	0.19	0.02	12.67	0.000	0.16	0.19	0.02	12.67	0.000	0.14
	Role models—mother	0.24	0.01	16.56	0.000	0.26	0.24	0.01	16.56	0.000	0.24
	Role models—father	0.23	0.02	14.73	0.000	0.23	0.23	0.02	14.73	0.000	0.21
	Role models—student	0.16	0.01	12.38	0.000	0.13	0.16	0.01	12.38	0.000	0.11
	Role models—other	0.16	0.01	11.12	0.000	0.15	0.16	0.01	11.12	0 .000	0.10
	Role models—nobody	\(-0.21\)	0.01	\(-13.91\)	0.000	0.43	\(-0.21\)	0.01	\(-13.91\)	0.000	0.40
Regression slopes
CS interest	Gender (boys=0, girls=1)	\(-0.24\)	0.05	\(-5.02\)	0.000		\(-0.11\)	0.05	\(-2.14\)	.032
	Grade	0.02	0.02	0.82	0.411		\(-0.00\)	0.03	\(-0.04\)	.971
	General self-efficacy	0.02	0.04	0.55	0.583		0.10	0.05	2.09	.036
CS utility	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	\(-0.03\)	0.05	\(-0.61\)	0.542		\(-0.10\)	0.05	\(-1.75\)	.080
	Grade	0.10	0.03	3.77	0.000		\(-0.00\)	0.03	\(-0.03\)	.975
	General self-efficacy	0.07	0.04	1.69	0.092		0.14	0.04	3.45	.001
CS self-efficacy	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	\(-0.13\)	0.06	\(-2.15\)	0.031		\(-0.08\)	0.06	\(-1.37\)	.172
	Grade	0.02	0.03	0.54	0.592		0.01	0.03	0.46	.643
	General self-efficacy	0.16	0.05	3.26	0.001		0.20	0.05	3.80	.000
Tablets interest	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	\(-0.13\)	0.04	\(-2.93\)	0.003		0.09	0.05	1.83	.067
	Grade	\(-0.03\)	0.02	\(-1.55\)	0.121		\(-0.02\)	0.02	\(-0.90\)	.367
	General self-efficacy	0.04	0.04	0.87	0.386		0.01	0.05	0.22	.824
Tablets utility	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	\(-0.03\)	0.05	\(-0.75\)	0.453		\(-0.03\)	0.06	\(-0.51\)	.611
	Grade	\(-0.01\)	0.02	\(-0.63\)	0.529		\(-0.04\)	0.03	\(-1.42\)	.157
	General self-efficacy	0.05	0.03	1.52	0.130		0.07	0.04	1.66	.098
Tablets self-efficacy	Gender (boys=0, girls=1)	\(-0.18\)	0.04	\(-4.14\)	0.000		\(-0.07\)	0.04	\(-1.71\)	.087
	Grade	0.02	0.02	0.88	0.377		0.00	0.02	0.18	.858
	General self-efficacy	0.08	0.03	2.41	0.016		0.08	0.04	1.93	.054
Robots interest	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	\(-0.33\)	0.07	\(-4.89\)	0.000		\(-0.45\)	0.08	\(-5.72\)	.000
	Grade	\(-0.03\)	0.03	\(-1.18\)	0.238		\(-0.06\)	0.04	\(-1.59\)	.111
	General self-efficacy	0.02	0.04	0.43	0.667		0.09	0.06	1.53	.127
Robots utility	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	\(-0.12\)	0.06	\(-2.06\)	0.040		\(-0.03\)	0.07	\(-0.46\)	.643
	Grade	\(-0.03\)	0.03	\(-1.25\)	0.212		\(-0.09\)	0.04	\(-2.61\)	.009
	General self-efficacy	0.01	0.04	0.37	0.712		0.11	0.05	2.01	.044
Robots self-efficacy	Gender (boys=0, girls=1)	\(-0.27\)	0.07	\(-3.94\)	0.000		\(-0.41\)	0.07	\(-5.72\)	.000
	Grade	\(-0.05\)	0.03	\(-1.81\)	0.070		\(-0.01\)	0.04	\(-0.31\)	.753
	General self-efficacy	0.11	0.05	2.14	0.033		0.14	0.06	2.42	.016
Role models—teacher	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	0.10	0.04	2.57	0.010		0.11	0.04	3.16	.002
Role models—teacher	Grade	\(-0.01\)	0.02	\(-0.64\)	0.522		0.00	0.02	0.27	.789
Role Models— mother	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	0.03	0.04	0.74	0.458		0.01	0.04	0.21	.833
Role Models— mother	Grade	\(-0.06\)	0.02	\(-3.73\)	0.000		\(-0.07\)	0.02	\(-4.62\)	.000
Role models—father	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	\(-0.07\)	0.04	\(-1.82\)	0.069		\(-0.01\)	0.03	\(-0.19\)	.849
Role models—father	Grade	\(-0.04\)	0.02	\(-2.32\)	0.020		\(-0.05\)	0.02	\(-2.98\)	.003
Role models—student	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	\(-0.05\)	0.03	\(-1.38\)	0.169		\(-0.07\)	0.04	\(-1.87\)	.062
Role models—student	Grade	0.03	0.01	2.13	0.033		\(-0.04\)	0.02	\(-2.74\)	.006
Role models—other	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	0.05	0.04	1.43	0.154		\(-0.01\)	0.03	\(-0.19\)	.848
Role models—other	Grade	0.09	0.01	5.98	0.000		0.00	0.02	0.09	.929
Role models—nobody	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	\(-0.02\)	0.02	\(-1.00\)	0.318		0.00	0.02	0.04	.969
Role models—nobody	Grade	\(-0.01\)	0.01	\(-0.73\)	0.466		0.03	0.01	3.10	.002
Intercepts
	CS interest	1.59	0.14	11.15	0.000		1.53	0.14	10.81	.000
	CS utility	1.02	0.16	6.27	0.000		1.45	0.13	10.87	.000
	CS self-efficacy	1.19	0.17	7.12	0.000		1.29	0.16	7.93	.000
	Tablets interest	1.88	0.13	14.00	0.000		1.74	0.13	13.28	.000
	Tablets utility	1.64	0.14	11.98	0.000		1.67	0.13	13.03	.000
	Tablets self-efficacy	1.62	0.11	14.19	0.000		1.69	0.11	14.81	.000
	Robots interest	1.71	0.15	11.19	0.000		1.45	0.16	9.14	.000
	Robots utility	1.66	0.14	11.81	0.000		1.57	0.17	9.42	.000
	Robots self-efficacy	1.51	0.16	9.27	0.000		1.19	0.16	7.59	.000
	Role models—teacher	0.46	0.08	6.10	0.000		0.36	0.08	4.66	.000
	Role models—mother	0.71	0.08	9.46	0.000		0.81	0.07	11.28	.000
	Role models—father	0.77	0.07	10.50	0.000		0.78	0.07	11.26	.000
	Role models—student	0.19	0.07	2.71	0.007		0.58	0.08	7.52	.000
	Role models—other	0.01	0.07	0.18	0.855		0.32	0.08	4.22	.000
	Role models—nobody	0.15	0.04	3.43	0.001		0.02	0.04	0.57	.566
	Gender (boys = 0, girls = 1)	0.49	0.02	28.17	0.000		0.49	0.02	28.09	.000
	Grade	4.61	0.04	115.25	0.000		4.63	0.04	120.76	.000
	General self-efficacy	1.48	0.03	59.29	0.000		1.47	0.03	50.86	.000

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