Measurement in STEM education research: a systematic literature review of trends in the psychometric evidence of scales

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 9 Percentage of articles reporting types of validity evidence broken down by category

	Judge evaluation %	Response process %	EFA %	CFA %	DIF %	Other internal structure %	Convergent %	Discriminant %	Concurrent %	Predictive %
Affective outcomes	100			100.00			100.00
Anxiety			100.00	66.70			100.00	33.30	66.70
Attitudes	21.40	28.60	71.40	50.00	7.10	7.10	35.70		14.30	14.30
Belonging and integration	25.00		75.00	25.00			25.00		50.00
Cognitive outcomes	50.00	25.00	50.00	50.00					25.00
Course perceptions	75.00	25.00	75.00				50.00		25.00
Diversity	28.60	14.30	57.10	57.10
Engagement	100.00		100.00	100.00
External climate			100.00	100.00
Identity	50.00	25.00	50.00	50.00			25.00		50.00
Interest			33.30	66.70	50.00	50.00	33.30		66.70
Learning gains	100.00		100.00	100.00			100.00
Literacy	100.00		100.00		66.70	66.70			33.30
Long-term outcomes	66.70	66.70	100.00	66.70		3.30
Motivation	55.60	11.10	77.80	66.70			11.10		55.60
Non-technical skills	72.70	9.10	54.50	27.30		18.25	18.20		18.20
Self-efficacy	40.00		100.00	80.00			80.00	20.00	100.00
Social support			100.00	100.00					100.00