Mixed methods study of student participation and self-efficacy in remote asynchronous undergraduate physics laboratories: contributors, lurkers, and outsiders

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 2 Inferential and descriptive statistics of factor differences among outsiders, lurkers, and contributors

Factor	Group	N	Mean	SD	F	p	Effect size	95% Confidence interval
Factor	Group	N	Mean	SD	F	p	(η_p²)	Lower bound	Upper bound
1. Student–student social learning perspectives	Contributors	110	38.70	9.01	25.71	< 0.001	0.16	37.00	40.40
	Lurkers	117	34.95	9.06				33.29	36.61
	Outsiders	45	27.36	8.52				24.80	29.92
2. Physics laboratory self-efficacy	Contributors	110	45.45	9.96	3.14	0.045	0.02	44.09	46.82
	Lurkers	117	42.63	8.96				40.99	44.27
	Outsiders	45	43.80	9.96				40.81	46.79