Short-term effects of a classroom-based STEAM program using robotic kits on children in South Korea

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 6 Repeated-measures ANOVAs of gender differences in the effects of the STEAM program

Predictors	SS	MS	df	F	p	Partial η²
	Differences in CT measured by the Bebras cards
Program treatment	116.43	116.43	1	45.56	0.000	0.12
Program treatment × Gender^a	1.34	1.34	1	0.53	0.469	0.00
Error	845.95	2.56	331
	Differences in CT measured by the TACTIC–KIBO
Program treatment	13,090.29	13,090.29	1	1024.22	0.000	0.76
Program treatment × Gender	109.47	109.47	1	8.57	0.004	0.03
Error	4153.75	12.78	325
	Differences in vocabulary
Program treatment	493.67	493.67	1	39.97	0.000	0.11
Program treatment × Gender	4.29	4.29	1	0.35	0.556	0.00
Error	4001.38	12.35	324
	Differences in mathematics
Program treatment	883.30	883.30	1	24.49	0.000	0.07
Program treatment × Gender	3.82	3.82	1	0.11	0.745	0.00
Error	11,612.01	11,612.01	322
	Differences in self-regulation and social behaviors
Program treatment	0.57	0.57	1	9.77	0.002	0.03
Program treatment × Gender	0.46	0.46	1	7.93	0.005	0.02
Error	19.19	0.06	329

ANOVA analysis of variance, SS sum of squares, MS mean squares, CT computational thinking. ^aBoy = 1, girl = 2