Table 3 Results of pre- and post-tests for children’s CT
From: Short-term effects of a classroom-based STEAM program using robotic kits on children in South Korea
Variables | Treatment Group | Control Group | ANCOVA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test | F (df) | Partial η2 | Levene’s test F | |
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||
|  | n = 334 | n = 333 | n = 116 | n = 116 |  |  |  |
Bebras cards | 3.11 (2.05) | 3.94 (2.11) | 2.10 (2.06) | 2.76 (1.97) | 13.32 (1446) | 0.03 | 1.31 (1447) |
Pattern recognition | 1.57 (1.15) | 1.94 (1.23) | 1.03 (1.25) | 1.41 (1.27) | p = 0.000 |  | p = 0.253 |
Algorithm | 1.68 (1.21) | 2.11 (1.18) | 1.08 (1.06) | 1.36 (0.98) | Â | Â | Â |
|  | n = 332 | n = 329 |  |  | Repeated-measured ANOVA | ||
TACTIK–KIBO | 9.55 (5.28) | 18.47 (5.12) | – | – | 992.85 (1326) | 0.75 |  |
Control structure | 1.95 (1.13) | 3.08 (0.84) | – | – | p = 0.000 |  |  |
Hardware | 1.29 (0.70) | 2.36 (0.79) | – | – |  |  |  |
Software | 1.88 (1.01) | 2.86 (0.86) | – | – |  |  |  |
Representation | 1.61 (1.20) | 2.78 (0.97) | – | – |  |  |  |
Algorithms | 0.90 (1.08) | 2.58 (1.06) | – | – |  |  |  |
Debugging | 0.94 (0.99) | 2.73 (1.12) | – | – |  |  |  |
Design process | 0.98 (0.63) | 2.07 (1.07) | – | – |  |  |  |