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Table 5 Multinomial logistic regression with the conception of drawn engineers as the dependent variable

From: The impact of country of schooling and gender on secondary school students’ conceptions of and interest in becoming an engineer in Ireland, Kenya and Sweden

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

W (df)

B (SE)

OR (95% CI)

W (df)

B (SE)

OR (95% CI)

W (df)

B (SE)

AOR (95% CI)

Reference: Designer

 Conception: Laborer

  Intercept

16.343 (1)**

− 0.586 (0.145)

 

77.835 (1)**

− 1.964 (0.223)

 

51.021 (1)**

− 1.721 (0.241)

 

  Gender

5.335 (1)**

− 0.499 (0.216)

0.607 (0.397, 0.927)

   

5.885 (1)*

− 0.554 (0.229)

0.574 (0.367, 0.899)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Sweden

   

24.810 (1)**

1.425 (0.286)

4.159 (2.374, 7.288)

26.259 (1)**

1.478 (0.288)

4.386 (2.492, 7.720)

  Country (Kenya), Ref = Sweden

   

55.936 (1)**

2.29 (.306)

9.873 (5.418, 17.991)

55.800 (1)**

2.296 (0.307)

9.937 (5.440, 18.151)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Kenya

   

9.771 (1)**

− 0.864 (0.277)

0.421 (0.245, 0.724)

8.665 (1)**

− 0.818 (0.278)

0.441 (0.256, 0.761)

 Conception: Mechanic

  Intercept

1.396 (1)

0.140 (0.119)

 

69.589 (1)**

− 3.020 (0.362)

 

58.544 (1)**

− 2.844 (0.372)

 

  Gender

2.783 (1)

− 0.279 (0.167)

− 0.756 (0.545, 1.050)

   

3.924 (1)*

− 0.383 (0.193)

0.682 (0.467, 0.996)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Sweden

   

85.907 (1)**

3.587 (.387)

36.119 (16.917, 77.115)

87.148 (1)**

3.624 (0.388)

37.471 (17.510, 80.186)

  Country (Kenya), Ref = Sweden

   

108.962 (1)**

4.232 (0.405)

68.859 (31.107, 152.427)

108.936 (1)**

4.237 (0.406)

69.170 (31.218, 153.260)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Kenya

   

8.016 (1)**

− 0.645 (0.228)

0.525 (0.336, 0.820)

7.175 (1)**

− 0.613 (0.229)

0.542 (0.346, 0.848)

 Conception: Scientist

  Intercept

51.367 (1)**

− 1.394 (0.194)

 

47.167 (1)**

− 4.001 (0.583)

 

48.202 (1)**

− 4.212 (0.607)

 

  Gender

1.494 (1)

0.308 (0.252)

1.361 (0.830, 2.230)

   

1.780 (1)

0.380 (0.285)

1.463 (0.837, 2.558)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Sweden

   

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

  Country (Kenya), Ref = Sweden

   

59.664 (1)**

4.744 (0.614)

114.940 (34.486, 383.087)

59.507 (1)**

4.740 (0.614)

114.431 (34.318, 381.569)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Kenya

   

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

 Conception: Site Manager

  Intercept

63.416 (1)**

− 2.000 (.251)

 

53.849 (1)**

− 3.714 (0.506)

 

39.123 (1)**

− 3.253 (0.520)

 

  Gender

6.564 (1)*

− 1.245 (0.486)

0.288 (0.111, 0.746)

   

6.956 (1)**

− 1.301 (0.493)

0.272 (0.104, 0.716)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Sweden

   

5.778 (1)*

1.480 (0.616)

4.393 (1.314, 14.684)

6.636 (1)**

1.596 (0.620)

4.934 (1.465, 16.620)

  Country (Kenya), Ref = Sweden

   

16.080 (1)**

2.448 (0.610)

11.564 (3.495, 38.258)

16.118 (1)**

2.462 (0.613)

11.724 (3.525, 38.996)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Kenya

   

3.911 (1)*

− 0.968 (0.489)

0.380* (0.146, .991)

3.088 (1)

− 0.865 (0.493)

0.421 (0.160, 1.105)

 Conception: Technician

  Intercept

27.817 (1)**

− 0.830 (0.157)

 

55.059 (1)**

− 1.208 (0.163)

 

32.563 (1)**

− 1.104 (0.193)

 

  Gender

0.551 (1)

− 0.164 (0.221)

.849 (.550, 1.309)

   

.948 (1)

− 0.218 (0.223)

0.804 (0.519, 1.247)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Sweden

   

7.610 (1)**

0.669 (0.243)

1.952 (1.214, 3.141)

8.010 (1)**

0.690 (0.224)

1.994 (1.236, 3.215)

  Country (Kenya), Ref = Sweden

   

1.286 (1)

0.378 (0.333)

1.459 (0.759, 2.803)

1.302 (1)

0.380 (0.333)

1.463 (.761, 2.811)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Kenya

   

0.727 (1)

0.291 (0.342)

1.338 (0.685, 2.615)

0.818 (1)

0.310 (0.342)

1.363 (.697, 2.666)

 Conception: Tradesman

  Intercept

11.865 (1)**

− 0.484 (0.140)

 

73.751 (1)**

− 2.797 (0.326)

 

59.500 (1)**

− 2.620 (0.340)

 

  Gender

2.724 (1)

− 0.334 (0.202)

0.716 (0.482, 1.065)

   

2.961 (1)

− 0.385 (0.224)

0.680 (0.439, 1.055)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Sweden

   

41.377 (1)**

2.374 (0.369)

10.738 (5.210, 22.133)

42.369 (1)**

2.411 (0.370)

11.143 (5.392, 23.028)

  Country (Kenya), Ref = Sweden

   

89.130 (1)**

3.576 (0.379)

35.744 (17.012, 75.102)

89.109 (1)**

3.581 (0.379)

35.906 (17.071, 75.521)

  Country (Ireland), Ref = Kenya

   

21.427 (1)**

− 1.203 (0.260)

0.300 (0.181, 0.500)

20.144 (1)**

− 1.170 (0.261)

0.310 (0.186, 0.517)

Full model -2 Log likelihood

66.519

82.897

163.678

Full model likelihood ratio

χ2(6) = 17.807, p = 0.007

χ2(12) = 482.276, p < 0.001

χ2(18) = 503.972, p < 0.001

Cox and Snell R2

0.016

0.362

0.375

Nagelkerke R2

0.017

0.373

0.386

McFadden R2

0.005

0.128

0.134

  1. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. Independent variable = Student conceptions of engineers. W = Wald. df = Degrees of freedom. SE = Standard error. OR = Odds ratio. AOR = Adjusted odds ratio. CI = Confidence interval. Gender reference = Male. Intercept calculated with Sweden as the reference country. Model 3 coefficients are adjusted for all covariates. N/A coefficients due to no drawings coded as scientists in the Irish sample