Table 1 Associated terms (word probability per topic), labeled topics (topic proportion per document), and correlations between topic proportion and year

CAI (.042), learning disabled (.018), program (.016), learning disability (.016), strategy (.014), addition (.013), computer (.013), procedure (.010), testing (.010), subject (.009)

CAI (.111)

maintenance (.017), framework (.015), practice (.015), intellectual disability (.011), VRA (.010), EBP (.010), mathematical (.010), instructional sequence (.009), mathematics skill (.009), explicit instruction (.009)

Instructional sequence (.096)

virtual manipulatives (.035), manipulatives (.023), mathematical (.015), app (.013), solving (.013), learning disability (.012), algebra (.011), area (.011), tool (.010), concrete manipulatives (.010)

Visual-based technology (.093)

learning disability (.062), problem solving (.021), game (.018), MLD (.018), strategy (.008), program (.008), specific (.007), identify (.006), educational (.005), digital (.005)

Learning disabilities (.093)

problem solving (.032), computer (.027), mathematical (.025), word problem (.020), intellectual disability (.019), SBI (.012), solving (.010), video (.007), practice (.007), moderate (.007)

WPS instruction (.077)

calculator (.050), accommodation (.021), testing (.019), assessment (.013), learning disability (.011), graphing calculator (.008), score (.008), curriculum (.007), difference (.007), access (.007)

Calculators (.070)

achievement (.032), level (.011), program (.010), measure (.009), learning disability (.007), score (.007), blended learning (.007), game (.006), engagement (.006), difference (.006)

Math achievement (.063)

testing (.015), application (.014), curriculum (.013), academic (.012), device (.011), iPad (.010), computerized (.010), behavior (.010), video prompting (.009), battery (.009)

Testing (.057)

measure (.021), robot (.021), device (.018), communication (.011), assistive technology (.010), speech generating (.010), level (.008), system (.007), task (.007), assessment (.006)

Robotics (.054)

system (.017), blind (.011), shape (.010), relation (.008), sonification (.008), understanding (.008), tool (.007), environment (.007), geometry (.007), FXS (.006)

Auditory support (.051)

software (.034), geometry (.010), development (.010), number (.010), training (.010), computer (.008), game (.008), instructional (.007), level (.007), assessment (.007)

Software (.050)

information (.022), material (.012), image (.012), visually impaired (.012), knowledge (.011), STEM (.010), access (.008), graph (.008), graphics (.008), field (.008)

Support for visual materials (.048)

app (.011), environment (.010), educational (.010), online (.010), pupil (.010), comparison (.010), need (.009), special (.009), time (.008), practice (.008)

Apps (.047)

self-monitoring (.020), tool (.019), access (.017), assignment (.014), visual impairment (.014), digital text (.013), algebra (.011), homework (.011), phase (.011), textbook (.010)

Self-monitoring tools (.045)

fractions (.086), accuracy (.026), solving (.025), middle school (.023), EAI (.021), functional relation (.019), addition (.018), instructional sequence (.017), virtual-abstract (.2017), session (.016)

Fraction instruction (.044)