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Table 4 Categories and themes from interview data analysis

From: Co-curricular engagement among engineering undergrads: do they have the time and motivation?

Themes

Codes

Value of co-curriculars

Being able to connect with coursework

Connecting with partners/senior professionals/teamwork

Receiving learning support from peers

Learning leadership

Opening up future opportunities/job seeking

Opportunities to reflect on personal interests in engineering majors

Authentic engineering experiences

Challenges in engineering courses

Difficult subjects/courses to follow

Disconnect between coursework and practice

Lack of prior knowledge in the course/subject

Challenges in co-curriculars

Time related challenges

Challenging group work

Co-curricular challenges during the pandemic

Organizational challenges

Lack of working space during the pandemic

Economic/funding deficit/job challenges

Not being able to do in-person collaboration

General perceptions of co-curriculars

Highly enjoyable/beyond expectation/priority

Meeting expectation/interesting as expected

Require autonomous engagement