Co-curricular engagement among engineering undergrads: do they have the time and motivation?

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 3 Mann–Whitney U test: motivation Pattern by two co-curricular groups

	Participants who have participated in co-curricular activities		Participants who never participated in co-curricular activities		z-value	r²
	Mean	S.D	Mean	S.D	z-value	r²
Intrinsic interest	− 0.04	0.96	0.14	1.15	− 0.51	0.00
Attainment	0.02	1.04	− 0.08	0.89	− 0.50	0.00
Utility	− 0.08	1.01	0.28	0.94	− 1.24	0.02
Task effort cost	− 0.14	0.93	0.46	1.11	− 1.83	0.05
Task outside effort cost	− 0.20	0.97	0.67	0.83	− 2.99**	0.12
Loss of alternatives	− 0.15	0.98	0.50	0.91	− 2.27*	0.07
Emotion cost	− 0.07	0.94	0.22	1.19	− 0.67	0.01

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; the analysis is based on the sample using listwise deletion