Table 2 Kruskal–Wallis test: motivation pattern by four co-curricular groups
From: Co-curricular engagement among engineering undergrads: do they have the time and motivation?
|  | NEVER participated | Participated in previous years NOT this year | Participated in ONLY this year (2020–2021) | Participated BOTH this and previous years |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (S.D.) | Mean (S.D.) | Mean (S.D.) | Mean (S.D.) | H value | ε2 | |
Intrinsic interest | 0.14 (1.15) | − 0.23 (1.03) | − 0.17 (0.98) | 0.08 (0.95) | 1.14 | 0.02 |
Attainment | − 0.08 (0.89) | − 0.55 (1.60) | − 0.06 (0.98) | 0.17 (1.00) | 1.36 | 0.02 |
Utility | 0.28 (0.94) | − 0.51 (1.32) | − 0.01 (0.94) | − 0.08 (1.05) | 2.22 | 0.03 |
Task effort cost | 0.46 (1.11) | 0.35 (1.00) | − 0.21 (0.97) | − 0.15 (0.91) | 4.50 | 0.06 |
Task outside effort cost | 0.67 (0.83) | 0.22 (0.47) | 0.04 (0.83) | − 0.43** (1.06) | 13.23** | 0.18 |
Loss of alternatives | 0.50 (0.91) | − 0.29 (1.31) | 0.04 (0.96) | − 0.27 (0.97) | 5.98 | 0.08 |
Emotion cost | 0.22 (1.19) | 0.26 (1.14) | 0.07 (0.87) | − 0.22 (0.97) | 2.50 | 0.03 |