Table 2 Some examples of inductive and deductive codes along with representative statements from students

Inductive codes

Negative self-thoughts

Describes items in which students make comments that diminish their intelligence or abilities, or, express being frustrated with their performance

I should try that

Describes items in which students respond to a strategy posed by a classmate and express a desire to incorporate said strategy

Supporting and encouraging

Describes items in which students offer assistance or encouragement to one another

“I was uplifted as I have struggled in the past with motivation and becoming overwhelmed, and the idea that “I can’t do it” can become a daily thought.”

“It’s interesting that you talk to yourself out loud when doing homework. I wonder if it helps you catch mistakes because you have to think more deliberately about what you're doing? This is probably something I should try and see if it helps me.”

“I think your mindset is the best one you could have right now, it is interesting that once we stop doing something, we lose that skill, although it makes sense. However, I think if you keep going and not give up, you will do whatever you put mind into. Good luck !”

Deductive codes

Awareness ( ±)

Describes statements indicating the

awareness of a cognitive concept

or strategy

“I was not familiar with that concept. It is very interesting and makes perfect sense

“[T]here were a ton [of strategies] that I was not familiar with.”

Use ( ±)

Describes statements indicating the use of a strategy

“I currently do not preview the material before lecture.”