Table 1 Definitions of the variables of interest
Variable | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
Attitude | Students’ positive or negative appraisal of integrating STEM knowledge and skills for problem-solving | Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) |
Subjective norm | The pressure exerted by important groups, such as society, parents, classmates, and the committee of the competition | Ajzen (1991) |
Perceived behavioral control | Students’ perceptions of the ease or difficulty of integrating STEM knowledge and skills to solve complex problems with limited resources | Ajzen and Fishbein (2000) |
Behavioral intention | The intention of students to integrate STEM knowledge and skills to solve complex problems in their daily lives | Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) |
STEM integration behavior | Students’ self-evaluations of their integration of STEM knowledge and skills during the competition | Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) |