Effects of infusing the engineering design process into STEM project-based learning to develop preservice technology teachers’ engineering design thinking

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 1 Experimental design of the study

Group	Pretest^a	Variable: teaching strategy	Posttest
Experimental group	Interview survey followed by a flow-map method to analyze the cognitive structures of the subjects in engineering design thinking	STEM-PBL curriculum taught according to the engineering design thinking process	Interview survey followed by a flow-map method to analyze the cognitive structures of the subjects in engineering design thinking
Control group	Interview survey followed by a flow-map method to analyze the cognitive structures of the subjects in engineering design thinking	STEM-PBL curriculum taught according to the technological problem-solving process	Interview survey followed by a flow-map method to analyze the cognitive structures of the subjects in engineering design thinking

^aFor the interview in the pretest, the researcher introduced important concepts or keywords prior to the study