Predicting pathways to optional summer science experiences by socioeconomic status and the impact on science attitudes and skills

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 4 Means and standard deviations for the home resources, family support, parent education, parent occupation, and optional summer science experiences surveys for the higher SES and lower SES groups, and Cohen’s d for the differences between higher and lower SES groups

	Home Resources		Family Support		Parent education	Parent occupation	Home-related participation	Nature-related participation	STEM camps participation
	Pre summer	Post summer	Pre summer	Post summer	Parent education	Parent occupation	Home-related participation	Nature-related participation	STEM camps participation
Higher SES (N = 711)	3.7 (0.3)	3.7 (0.3)	3.8 (0.3)	3.8 (0.3)	4.2 (0.9)	2.6 (1.9)	2.6 (0.8)	2.7 (0.8)	1.5 (0.8)
Lower SES (N = 719)	3.0 (0.6)	3.0 (0.6)	3.2 (0.5)	3.2 (0.5)	2.8 (1.2)	1.4 (1.1)	2.4 (0.8)	2.4 (0.8)	1.4 (0.7)
Cohen’s d	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.3	0.8	0.3	0.3	0.2

Scales for home resources, family support, home-related participation, nature-related participation, and STEM camps participation ranged from 1 (low)–4 (high). Scale for parent education ranged from 1 (did not finish high school)–5 (attended post-college education), and scale for parent occupation ranged from 0 (unemployed)–6 (STEM professional).