Table 4 HLMs examining whether gender moderates the effect of spatial skills or motivation on M-STEP mathematics subtest performance (N = 1048 students, N = 26 teachers)

Intercept, γ₀₀

1544.68*** (2.40)

158.26

1536.42*** (4.54)

620.17

Science GPA, γ₁₀

10.27*** (0.51)

1042.83

11.13***(0.55)

1040.97

Gender, γ₂₀

− 2.58 (2.30)

1027.15

2.53** (5.97)

1021.17

Spatial skills, γ₃₀

1.97*** (0.19)

1035.62

Spatial skills * gender, γ₄₀

0.12 (0.27)

1026.96

MMQ, γ₅₀

0.21*** (0.04)

1024.48

MMQ * gender, γ₆₀

− 0.05 (0.06)

1021.30