Table 2 HLM results estimating the relationship between competitive learning style and mathematics performance across countries (regions)

Intercept

551.38

(3.66)

533.61

(3.33)

538.57

(3.13)

482.12

(4.53)

Level 1 (student level)

 Competitive learning

10.84*

(2.15)

7.60*

(2.00)

24.32*

(2.19)

7.69*

(3.11)

 Male

17.12*

(3.44)

17.50*

(6.06)

18.80*

(5.62)

6.76

(6.03)

 Age

22.80*

(6.00)

20.20*

(6.56)

13.76*

(7.84)

11.38

(8.55)

 Father SES

0.38*

(0.13)

−0.10

(0.11)

0.27

(0.21)

0.67*

(0.14)

 Mother SES

−0.12

(0.16)

−0.03

(0.16)

0.00

(0.22)

0.74*

(0.20)

Level 2 (school level)

 Student-teacher ratio

0.55*

(0.16)

0.03

(0.07)

−0.26*

(0.06)

0.20

(0.11)

 School mean father SES

3.70*

(1.13)

6.16*

(0.81)

2.09*

(0.92)

0.84

(0.80)

 School mean mother SES

0.74

(1.04)

2.70*

(0.86)

2.16*

(1.00)

3.18*

(1.32)

 Proportion of certified teachers

0.16

(0.18)

−0.95*

(0.22)

8.29*

(2.92)

0.53

(0.29)

 School educational resources

0.46

(4.24)

−3.78

(2.90)

−5.16

(5.05)

1.56

(5.51)

 School disciplinary climate

89.62*

(12.95)

37.38*

(8.90)

48.55*

(11.14)

17.70

(11.98)

 Teacher-student relationship

−19.81

(11.42)

−0.83

(8.10)

−20.64

(11.09)

−20.30

(15.24)

 Student behaviors

9.53

(4.97)

21.40*

(5.39)

6.54

(3.30)

4.54

(7.69)

 Teacher behaviors

−8.91

(6.27)

−4.51

(5.14)

−0.41

(4.10)

2.31

(6.53)

 School autonomy

−13.70*

(5.22)

−20.63*

(4.55)

−11.31*

(4.95)

15.56*

(6.06)

 Teacher participation

2.43

(3.83)

−2.35

(3.06)

−2.85

(2.92)

−1.19

(4.03)

 Ability grouping (some classes)

14.00

(12.75)

12.01

(9.56)

3.06

(8.74)

21.98

(17.86)

 Ability grouping (all classes)

−0.25

(15.39)

−10.61

(9.16)

2.23

(10.76)

27.06

(18.17)

Level 2 (school level)

 Intercept/intercept (τ)

1291.65*

(187.96)

650.42*

(120.10)

481.68*

(97.97)

570.24*

(107.57)

Level 1 (student level)

 Intercept/intercept (σ²)

4826.13*

(133.54)

4725.12*

(139.08)

4669.15*

(165.77)

5291.01*

(217.31)