Table 2 PD characteristics of the included studies (n = 48)
PD characteristics | # of studies | % or mean (median) (%) |
|---|---|---|
STEM-focused | Â | Â |
 Inquiry-based | 14 | 29 |
 Integrated STEM | 11 | 23 |
 Task/problem-based | 9 | 19 |
 No specific pedagogy learning | 14 | 29 |
Active learning | Â | Â |
 Constructivist-oriented | 16 | 33 |
 Cognitive apprenticeship-based | 19 | 40 |
 Mixed | 13 | 27 |
Collaborative participation | Â | Â |
 Participated | 33 | 69 |
 Not participated | 15 | 31 |
Coherence | Â | Â |
 Job-embedded | 6 | 13 |
 Summer institutes only | 14 | 29 |
 Separate training in semester | 15 | 31 |
 Mixed | 9 | 19 |
 Not specified | 4 | 8 |
Contribution to sources of efficacy | Â | Â |
 Mastery experience | 10 | 21 |
 Social persuasion | 3 | 6 |
 Emotional arousal | 2 | 4 |
 Vicarious experiences | 9 | 19 |
 Multiple sources of efficacy | 24 | 50 |
PD duration | 31 | 25.86Â h (18Â h) |