PORTAAL practice | Mean (Time 1) | Mean (Time 2) | Mean difference (T2–T1) | Std. error | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Working alone | 1.856 | 1.924 | 0.069 | 0.184 | 0.712 |
Alternative answers | 0.574 | 0.654 | 0.08 | 0.143 | 0.582 |
Explaining answers | 3.569 | 4.395 | 0.827 | 0.516 | 0.118 |
High Bloom’s activities | 2.347 | 2.461 | 0.115 | 0.237 | 0.631 |
Instructor answers | 3.774 | 4.115 | 0.341 | 0.348 | 0.332 |
Instructor explains | 5.088 | 4.984 | − 0.104 | 0.271 | 0.703 |
Prior knowledge** | 0.417 | 0.156 | − 0.261** | 0.083 | 0.003 |
Positive feedback | 3.124 | 3.111 | − 0.013 | 0.260 | 0.961 |
Prompting logic* | 1.099 | 2.201 | 1.103* | 0.432 | 0.015 |
Random call answers* | 1.967 | 2.738 | 0.771* | 0.347 | 0.033 |
Small groups | 4.066 | 4.234 | 0.168 | 0.315 | 0.597 |
Student time in debrief | 5.479 | 6.551 | 1.072 | 0.604 | 0.084 |
Total student time* | 13.185 | 15.413 | 2.228* | 0.937 | 0.023 |
Volunteer or whole class answers* | 9.453 | 7.895 | − 1.559* | 0.740 | 0.042 |