Table 2 PORTAAL practices

(1) Students working alone [Alone]

I

(2) Providing alternative answers to a question [Alt_Ans]

I

(3) Students explaining answers [Exp_Ans]

I

(4) High Bloom’s in-class activities [HB]

I

(5) Instructor provides answer to a question [Ins_Ans]

I

(6) Instructor explains the answer to a question [Ins_Exp]

I

(7) Instructor prompts students to use prior knowledge [PK]

I

(8) Instructor use of positive feedback [Pos_FB]

I

(9) Instructors prompting logic from students [Prom_Log]

I

(10) Instructors randomly calling on students for answers [RC_Ans]

I

(11) Students working in small groups [SG]

I

(12) Student time in debrief of a question [ST_DB]

D

(13) Total student time during class [TST]

D

(14) Student volunteer or whole class answers a question [V_WC_Ans]

I