Table 1 The prevalence of different citation categories for each of the two paper types
Reason for citation | Average prevalence (paper AB) (%) | Average prevalence (paper LA) (%) | Risk ratio | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
P2: Using/giving credit to ideas, concepts, theories, methodology, and empirical findings by others | 47.9 | 56.5 | 1.18 | 0.314 |
P3: Earlier work on which current work builds | 8.3 | 2.4 | 3.46 | 0.078 |
P4: Providing background reading, to give “completeness” to an introduction or discussion | 25.0 | 28.2 | 1.13 | 0.67 |
P5: Empirical findings that justified the author’s own statements or assumptions | 4.2 | 2.4 | 1.75 | 0.541 |
P7: Mentions of other work (“see also”, “see for example”, “cf”, “e.g.”, “i.e.”) without further discussion | 20.8 | 35.5 | 1.71 | 0.063 |
P8: Used target paper’s dataset for secondary analysis | 4.2 | 2.4 | 1.75 | 0.541 |
A3: Self-citation | 35.4 | 9.7 | 3.56 | < 0.001 |