Table 4 Results of pre- and post-tests for children’s learning outcomes
From: Short-term effects of a classroom-based STEAM program using robotic kits on children in South Korea
Variables | Treatment Group | Control Group | ANCOVA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test | F (df) | Partial η2 | Levene’s test F | |
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||
|  | n = 331 | n = 326 | n = 116 | n = 116 |  |  |  |
Vocabulary | 38.12 (6.77) | 39.79 (6.47) | 36.84 (6.16) | 38.04 (5.71) | 3.89 (1439) | 0.01 | 0.40 (1440) |
|  | n = 330 | n = 327 | n = 116 | n = 116 | p = 0.049 |  | p = 0.53 |
Early numeracy | 64.42 (10.64) | 66.72 (9.96) | 61.97 (9.61) | 65.83 (7.60) | 0.65 (1437) | 0.00 | 4.39 (1438) |
|  | n = 334 | n = 324 | n = 116 | n = 116 | p = 0.42 |  | p = 0.04 |
Self-regulation and social behavior | 3.39 (0.50) | 3.44 (0.46) | 3.34 (0.55) | 3.35 (0.61) | 2.33 (1440) p = 0.13 | 0.01 | 2.72 (1441) p = 0.10 |
Sociability | 3.54 (0.63) | 3.59 (0.59) | 3.56 (0.60) | 3.52 (0.63) | Â | Â | Â |
Prosocial | 3.59 (0.60) | 3.63 (0.57) | 3.52 (0.68) | 3.52 (0.77) | Â | Â | Â |
Behavior SR | 3.63 (0.74) | 3.67 (0.68) | 3.63 (0.82) | 3.60 (0.84) | Â | Â | Â |
Cognitive SR | 3.43 (0.72) | 3.56 (0.70) | 3.42 (0.68) | 3.41 (0.69) | Â | Â | Â |
Emotional SR | 3.47 (0.52) | 3.48 (0.53) | 3.33 (0.59) | 3.43 (0.59) | Â | Â | Â |
Externalizing_R | 2.91 (0.70) | 2.93 (0.65) | 2.82 (0.75) | 2.86 (0.74) | Â | Â | Â |
Internalizing_R | 3.12 (0.66) | 3.22 (0.61) | 3.09 (0.70) | 3.11 (0.77) | Â | Â | Â |