Examining how social networks influence women and under-represented minority students’ pursuit of engineering in university: when, who, and how?

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 4 Alter type and network size of students in high school by gender and race/ethnicity

Alter	N	%	Women	Black	Latinx	Other
Alter	N	%	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Familial	1873	86	0.99 (0.76, 1.27)	1.06 (0.63, 1.80)	1.08 (0.80, 1.45)	0.74 (0.34, 1.63)
Parent/guardian	1744	80	0.98 (0.78, 1.23)	0.77 (0.50, 1.18)	0.94 (0.73, 1.21)	1.09 (0.50, 2.38)
Sibling	939	43	1.10 (0.92, 1.32)	1.39 (0.96, 1.99)	1.58 (1.29, 1.95)*	0.65 (0.33, 1.26)
School-based	1377	63	1.12 (0.93, 1.35)	1.21 (0.82, 1.78)	1.01 (0.81, 1.25)	1.14 (0.60, 2.18)
Teacher^b	1031	47	1.16 (0.97, 1.39)	1.10 (0.77, 1.58)	0.85 (0.69, 1.05)	1.25 (0.68, 2.31)
Peer	755	35	0.84 (0.69, 1.01)	1.14 (0.78, 1.66)	1.33 (1.07, 1.65)*	0.88 (0.46, 1.71)
Counselor	490	22	0.91 (0.73, 1.13)	1.63 (1.10, 2.43)*	1.47 (1.16, 1.87)*	0.49 (0.19, 1.26)
Club^c	411	19	0.99 (0.79, 1.25)	1.60 (1.05, 2.42)*	1.10 (0.84, 1.42)	0.71 (0.30, 1.70)
Other^a	88	4	1.10 (0.70, 1.73)	0.50 (0.15, 1.63)	0.93 (0.56, 1.55)	1.04 (0.25, 4.43)
Network size
Small^d	773	37	0.85 (0.70, 1.03)	0.95 (0.64, 1.39)	0.89 (0.71, 1.11)	0.75 (0.38, 1.48)
Medium^e	587	27	1.26 (1.03, 1.53)*	0.98 (0.66, 1.47)	0.91 (0.72, 1.16)	1.76 (0.94, 3.31)
Large^f	796	36	0.96 (0.80, 1.16)	1.07 (0.74, 1.55)	1.20 (0.97, 1.49)	0.75 (0.39, 1.46)

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
*Statistically significant at 0.05 level
^aOther non-family and non-school related alters, such as celebrity, radio broadcaster, or coworker
^bIncludes high school or middle school teacher
^cClub/organization contact
^dNetwork size is 1 alter
^eNetwork size is 2 alters
^fNetwork size is 3–7 alters