Table 1 An example of the ENACT program

1. Engage in SSIs

Internet search, discussion

Finding SSIs that result from cutting-edge science and technology

Searching for news articles, videos, and other media resources on SSIs

Selecting one issue (e.g., unable to hear e-scooters as they typically make little to no noise while moving) and investigating the science and technology that has brought about this controversial issue

2. Navigate SSIs

Stakeholder map

Identifying relevant and diverse stakeholders (e.g., e-scooter users, pedestrians, the visually impaired, road traffic authorities, and ride-sharing companies)

Exploring the various perspectives of each stakeholder

Visualizing the relationships among these stakeholders into a map

3. Anticipate consequences

Futures wheel, future scenario

Brainstorming to uncover the multiple levels of future consequences resulting from the issue

Developing plausible and desirable future scenarios (anticipate a future where the problem continues; establish a vision when the problem is solved)

4. Conduct scientific and engineering practices

ALU, PRM, WFEM

Experiments, prototyping, data analysis

Specifying the problem and coming up with multiple ideas to solve this problem (e.g., signals such as warning lights/sounds, a sensor buzzer that identifies that an e-scooter is approaching)

Evaluating possible solutions (ALU, PRM, WFEM)

Conducting scientific/engineering practices (e.g., prototypes, experiments, engineering design, or big data analysis)

5. Take action

Campaign, policy proposal

Taking action to solve the problem

Implementing campaigns (e.g., social media news, video production, pamphlets, or citizen science)