Table 3 Robots’ intervention in learning foci

Cognitive

Learning performance

Chapman et. al. (2020)^d

Problem-solving

Gomoll et. al. (2017)^a

Creativity

Guven et. al. (2020)^a

Collaboration or teamwork

Convertini (2021)^a

Communication

Hennessy Elliott (2020)^a

Critical thinking

Sen et. al. (2021)^a

Higher-order skills

Stewart et. al. (2021)^a

Affective

Technology acceptance or intention of use

Barker et. al. (2014)^d

Attitude and motivation

Leonard et. al. (2016)^c

Self-efficacy, confidence, and anticipation performance

Castro et. al. (2018)^b

Satisfaction or interest

Chang et. al. (2022)^c

Opinion of learners/teachers

Casey et. al. (2018)^d

Preview situation

Taylor (2018)^d

Psychomotor aspects (operational skill)

McDonald and Howell (2012)^a

Learning behavior

Ma et. al. (2020)^a