International Journal of STEM Education

Table 1 Related to RQ3a, comparing attainments of 2019 Singaporean students to Singaporean students in other cycles

From: Learning data science in elementary school mathematics: a comparative curriculum analysis

	Numbers		Measurement and geometry		Data
	p-value	Cohen’s d	p-value	Cohen’s d	p-value	Cohen’s d
50th percentile
2003	< 0.001	− 0.27	< 0.001	− 0.55	< 0.001	− 0.60
2007	< 0.001	− 0.30	< 0.001	− 0.37	< 0.001	− 0.25
2011	< 0.001	− 0.21	< 0.001	− 0.32	< 0.001	− 0.40
2015	< 0.001	− 0.07	< 0.001	− 0.18	< 0.001	− 0.17
2019	Reference
10th percentile
2003	< 0.001	− 0.13	< 0.001	− 0.26	< 0.001	− 0.05
2007	< 0.001	− 0.10	< 0.001	− 0.18	< 0.001	− 0.11
2011	< 0.001	− 0.04	< 0.001	− 0.11	< 0.001	− 0.08
2015	< 0.001	− 0.05	< 0.001	− 0.09	< 0.001	− 0.08
2019	Reference

Comparisons are made to 2019 as reference. Negative d represents lower performance compared to the 2019 cycle

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