Table 5 Instructional approaches
Instructional approach | No. of studies |
|---|---|
Engineering design approaches | Â |
 Engineering design process | 6 |
 Based on Moore et al. (2014)—motivating context/engineering design challenge/redesign/include maths and science content/student-centred pedagogies/teamwork & communication | 3 |
 NGSS Engineering Thinking | 2 |
 Engineering Maker-based Inquiry | 1 |
Focus on problems (PBL/POPBL/PCL) | Â |
 Project-Based Learning | 4 |
 Project Oriented Problem Based Learning (POPBL) | 1 |
 Problem Based Learning and Contextualised design challenge | 1 |
 Problem centred and Cooperative learning | 1 |
 PBL/STEM integration/Inquiry and design-based learning/cooperative learning/ inputs from discipline specific pedagogical research | 1 |
 PBL + Inquiry based learning + Engineering design + SSI | 1 |
 PBL + Inquiry based learning + Service Learning | 1 |
Cooperative Learning | Â |
 Copying examples—discussing redesign-collaboration to make improvements |  |
 Action research project (group negotiated and designed) | 1 |
Hands-on learning | Â |
 Task-centred teaching (e.g., a NASA based curriculum) | 2 |
Assessment focus | Â |
 Teach, problem solving activity, test | 1 |
STEAM model (scaffolding, tutoring, engaging, argumentation, modelling) | 1 |
STEM-6E model (engage, explore, explain, engineer, enrich, evaluate) including SSI | 1 |
Not specified | 6 |