Table 4 Change in the students’ intrinsic motivation in the EG between the first experimental lesson (Post-Questionnaire 2_1) and the experimental lesson after three months of intensive use of 3D models and animations in the educational process (Post-Questionnaire 2_2) (Wilcoxon signed-rank test)

Md of EG in first experimental lesson (SD)

5.86 (1.24)

4.20 (1.27)

4.83 (1.09)

5.86 (1.31)

Md of EG in last experimental lesson (SD)

5.14 (1.46)

4.20 (1.46)

4.50 (1.27)

5.43 (1.53)

N of first experimental lesson

257

257

257

257

N of last experimental lesson

240

240

240

240

Number of comparisons

203

203

203

203

Z

− 5.772^a

− 0.391^a

− 3.158^a

− 4.086^a

p-value (2-tailed)

0.000*

0.696

0.002*

0.000*

Cohen’s d

0.597

0.038

0.318

0.415

Hedges’ g

0.596

0.038

0.317

0.414