From: Influence of 3D models and animations on students in natural subjects
 | Pre-Questionnaire | Post-Questionnaire 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrinsic goal motivation | Self-efficacy for learning and performance | Extrinsic goal motivation | Control beliefs | Interest/ enjoyment | Effort/ importance | Perceived competence | Value/ usefulness | |
Md of CG (SD) | 4.25 (1.10) | 4.50 (1.15) | 5.50 (1.20) | 4.50 (1.14) | 4.29 (1.35) | 4.20 (1.16) | 4.50 (1.21) | 4.43 (1.27) |
Md of EG (SD) | 4.25 (1.21) | 4.25 (1.35) | 5.25 (1.28) | 4.50 (1.18) | 4.57 (1.50) | 4.00 (1.39) | 4.50 (1.26) | 4.52 (1.32) |
N (CG) | 213 | 213 | 213 | 213 | 195 | 195 | 195 | 195 |
N (EG) | 265 | 265 | 265 | 265 | 267 | 267 | 267 | 267 |
Mann–Whitney U | 25,345.0 | 24,482.5 | 26,683.5 | 27,226.0 | 25,648.5 | 24,852.5 | 25,558.5 | 25,764.0 |
Wilcoxon W | 60,590.0 | 59,727.5 | 61,928.5 | 62,471.0 | 44,758.5 | 60,630.5 | 44,668.5 | 61,542.0 |
Z | − 1.921 | − 2.496 | − 1.028 | − 0.665 | − 0.271 | − 0.834 | − 0.335 | − 0.190 |
p-value (2-tailed) | 0.055 | 0.013* | 0.304 | 0.506 | 0.786 | 0.405 | 0.738 | 0.850 |
Cohen’s d | 0.177 | 0.230 | 0.094 | 0.060 | 0.026 | 0.078 | 0.032 | 0.018 |
Hedges’ g | 0.177 | 0.230 | 0.094 | 0.060 | 0.026 | 0.078 | 0.032 | 0.018 |