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Table 2 Comparison of students’ motivation between the CG and EG regarding control lessons (Pre-Questionnaire and Post-Questionnaire 1) (Mann–Whitney U test)

From: Influence of 3D models and animations on students in natural subjects

 

Pre-Questionnaire

Post-Questionnaire 1

Intrinsic goal motivation

Self-efficacy for learning and performance

Extrinsic goal motivation

Control beliefs

Interest/ enjoyment

Effort/ importance

Perceived competence

Value/ usefulness

Md of CG (SD)

4.25 (1.10)

4.50 (1.15)

5.50 (1.20)

4.50 (1.14)

4.29 (1.35)

4.20 (1.16)

4.50 (1.21)

4.43 (1.27)

Md of EG (SD)

4.25 (1.21)

4.25 (1.35)

5.25 (1.28)

4.50 (1.18)

4.57 (1.50)

4.00 (1.39)

4.50 (1.26)

4.52 (1.32)

N (CG)

213

213

213

213

195

195

195

195

N (EG)

265

265

265

265

267

267

267

267

Mann–Whitney U

25,345.0

24,482.5

26,683.5

27,226.0

25,648.5

24,852.5

25,558.5

25,764.0

Wilcoxon W

60,590.0

59,727.5

61,928.5

62,471.0

44,758.5

60,630.5

44,668.5

61,542.0

Z

− 1.921

− 2.496

− 1.028

− 0.665

− 0.271

− 0.834

− 0.335

− 0.190

p-value (2-tailed)

0.055

0.013*

0.304

0.506

0.786

0.405

0.738

0.850

Cohen’s d

0.177

0.230

0.094

0.060

0.026

0.078

0.032

0.018

Hedges’ g

0.177

0.230

0.094

0.060

0.026

0.078

0.032

0.018

  1. *p < 0.05