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Table 2 The coding scheme

From: The application of AI technologies in STEM education: a systematic review from 2011 to 2021

Element

Dimension

Type

Subject (instructor)

Instructor involvement

1. Support

2. Not support

Instructional strategy

1. Lecture

2. Project-based learning

3. Problem-based learning

4. Game-based learning

5. Collaborative learning

6. Self-learning

Subject (learner)

Educational level

1. Kindergarten (3–6)

2. Elementary school (6–12)

3. Middle school (12–15)

4. High school (15–18)

5. Higher education (> 18)

Sample size

1. Small scale (< 50)

2. Medium scale (51–300)

3. Large scale (> 300)

Learning outcome

1. Learning performance

2. Affective perception

3. Higher-order thinking

4. Learning pattern and behavior

Information

Learning content

1. Science

2. Technology

3. Engineering

4. Mathematics

5. Cross-disciplinary (contains two or more disciplinary contents)

Medium

Educational medium

1. Paper resource (e.g., textbook, paper-and-pencil tests)

2. Entity resource (e.g., robot, experimental instrument)

3. Computer system resource

4. Web open resource

5. Mobile phone resource

6. E-book resource

Environment

Educational context

1. Face-to-face environment (i.e., classroom)

2. Experimental environment (i.e., lab)

3. Informal learning environment (e.g., museum)

4. Web-based environment

5. Augmented/virtual reality

Technology

AI technique

1. Learning prediction

2. Intelligent tutoring system

3. Student behavior detection

4. Automation

5. Educational robots

6. Others