Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

1. The studies should be in the field of STEM education with the support of artificial intelligence

1. Studies that are not relevant to the research question

2. The studies should report the effects of instruction and learning with the support of AI

2. Studies that are not education and educational research

3. The studies should be published in peer-reviewed journals

3. Articles from conference proceeding, book chapters, magazines, news, posters are excluded

4. The studies should be empirical research

4. Research that only reports AI application design, but do not report empirical results

5. The studies should be reported in English

6. Full-text available