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Table 5 Validation and reliability of the created instruments for this research

From: Expanding disciplinary and interdisciplinary core idea maps by students to promote perceived self-efficacy in learning science

Instrument

Validity/reliability

Used validation/reliability method

Pre- and post-questionnaire

Content validity

Expert opinion method: an agreement by 12 independent experts in the field of science education as to whether the content of a measure covers the full domain of the content

Construct validity

Analysis of the Estonian secondary school science curriculum and syllabus to ensure items are valid in terms of expected learning outcomes. For data analysis CFA was used

Reliability

Cronbach alpha = 0.82 over the sample (with each factor over 0.74). CFA was used to test whether measures of the construct are consistent with a researcher’s understanding of the nature of that construct (factors)

Interviews

Content validity

Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the transcripts of the interviewers´ answers

Construct validity

Themes identification and labeling

Inter-coder reliability

The percentage agreement between two coders (science educators) was, with students’ interviews, 86% and teachers interviews, 78%. For resolving disagreements, the coders negotiated toward consensus. Coders made estimations and negotiated their response before reporting the final outcome (Epley & Gilovich, 2006)