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Table 2 The coding framework for instructor scaffoldings (c.f. van de Pol et al., 2019)

From: Applying multimodal learning analytics to examine the immediate and delayed effects of instructor scaffoldings on small groups’ collaborative programming

Category

Code

Description

Social dimension

Social scaffolding (SS)

The instructor helped the groups to establish the collaborative atmosphere with a sense of trust, support, and security

Cognitive dimension

Low-control cognitive scaffolding (CS-L)

The instructor raised open-ended questions that elicited the groups’ thinking without providing new information

Medium-control cognitive scaffolding (CS-M)

The instructor provided hints or clues to help the groups solve cognitive problems

High-control cognitive scaffolding (CS-H)

The instructor provided answers directly to the group or used the computer to show how to program

Metacognitive dimension

Metacognitive scaffolding (MS)

The instructor planned, monitored and regulated the group’s learning goals and collaborative processes