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Table 3 Pairwise comparisons of the PORTAAL practices

From: Which evidence-based teaching practices change over time? Results from a university-wide STEM faculty development program

PORTAAL practice

Mean (Time 1)

Mean (Time 2)

Mean difference (T2–T1)

Std. error

p value

Working alone

1.856

1.924

0.069

0.184

0.712

Alternative answers

0.574

0.654

0.08

0.143

0.582

Explaining answers

3.569

4.395

0.827

0.516

0.118

High Bloom’s activities

2.347

2.461

0.115

0.237

0.631

Instructor answers

3.774

4.115

0.341

0.348

0.332

Instructor explains

5.088

4.984

− 0.104

0.271

0.703

Prior knowledge**

0.417

0.156

− 0.261**

0.083

0.003

Positive feedback

3.124

3.111

− 0.013

0.260

0.961

Prompting logic*

1.099

2.201

1.103*

0.432

0.015

Random call answers*

1.967

2.738

0.771*

0.347

0.033

Small groups

4.066

4.234

0.168

0.315

0.597

Student time in debrief

5.479

6.551

1.072

0.604

0.084

Total student time*

13.185

15.413

2.228*

0.937

0.023

Volunteer or whole class answers*

9.453

7.895

− 1.559*

0.740

0.042

  1. p values are Bonferroni adjusted for multiple comparisons. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001