Fig. 1

Two-factor model with one residual-correlation at Time 1 from CFA. Note. ‘vesf’ is the value and enjoyment of science factor and ‘saf’ is the science anxiety factor; ‘scipbslv1’ is the item “Science is useful in helping to solve the problems of everyday life”; ‘scienjoy1’ is the item “Science is something I enjoy very much”; ‘scihlpful1’ is the item “Science is helpful in understanding today’s world”; ‘scichlng1’ is the item “I like the challenge of science assignments”; ‘scilearn1’ is the item “I have a real desire to learn science”; ‘cntustnd1’ is the item “No matter how hard I try, I CANNOT understand science”; ‘scitlknv1’ is the item “I feel tense/nervous when someone talks to me about science”; ‘sciintmd1’ is the item “It makes me nervous to even think about doing science”; ‘sciscare1’ is the item “It scares me to have to take science at school”