Table 1 Factor loadings for inquiry-related learning activities based on exploratory factor analyses of Australian and Taiwanese samples

When learning school science, there is a class debate about investigations

0.700

0.743

When learning school science, students are allowed to design their own experiments

0.658

0.709

When learning school science, students are required to argue about science questions

0.637

0.759

When learning school science, students are asked to do an investigation to test ideas

0.571

0.743

When learning school science, students spend time in the laboratory doing practical experiments

0.530

0.703

When learning school science, students are asked to draw conclusions from an experiment they have conducted

0.418

0.774

When learning school science, the teacher explains school science, how ideas can be applied

0.816

0.776

When learning school science, the teacher clearly explains the relevance of concepts to our lives

0.646

0.781

When learning school science, students are given opportunities to explain their ideas

0.499

0.466