Exploring students’ procedural flexibility in three countries

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 2 Summary of key variables (mean and standard deviation) related to flexibility, for all students in Finland, Sweden and Spain

		n	Acc	F	SF	PF	PF-AB	PF-BC
Weighted averages over countries	Avg	791	5.4 (2.0)	1.8 (1.6)	0.5 (0.9)	0.6 (0.7)	0.6 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)
	MS	344	3.1 (2.9)	0.5 (1.4)	0.1 (0.6)	0.3 (0.9)	0.3 (0.9)	0.0 (0.2)
	HS-B	116	5.1 (2.5)	1.4 (2.1)	0.2 (0.8)	0.6 (0.9)	0.6 (0.9)	0.0 (0.2)
	HS-A	331	8.0 (3.0)	3.6 (3.5)	1.3 (2.5)	0.9 (1.4)	0.8 (1.4)	0.1 (0.4)
Finland	Avg	257	4.5 (2.1)	1.7 (1.6)	0.6 (1.0)	0.5 (0.6)	0.4 (0.6)	0.0 (0.1)
	MS	93	1.6 (2.3)	0.5 (1.7)	0.2 (1.0)	0.1 (0.4)	0.1 (0.4)	0.0 (0.2)
	HS-B	61	3.9 (2.3)	0.4 (1.1)	0.0 (0.1)	0.4 (0.7)	0.3 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)
	HS-A	103	7.9 (2.7)	4.3 (3.2)	1.5 (2.5)	0.9 (1.5)	0.8 (1.4)	0.1 (0.3)
Sweden	Avg	288	5.1 (1.8)	2.3 (1.7)	0.8 (1.1)	0.7 (0.6)	0.6 (0.5)	0.1 (0.2)
	MS	87	3.0 (2.5)	0.7 (1.6)	0.0 (0.3)	0.5 (1.0)	0.4 (0.9)	0.0 (0.3)
	HS-B	20	4.9 (1.5)	2.0 (1.7)	0.3 (0.6)	0.8 (0.9)	0.7 (0.9)	0.1 (0.2)
	HS-A	181	7.5 (3.4)	4.3 (3.6)	2.2 (2.9)	0.7 (1.0)	0.5 (0.9)	0.2 (0.5)
Spain	Avg	246	6.7 (1.8)	1.4 (1.5)	0.2 (0.5)	0.7 (0.8)	0.7 (0.8)	0.0 (0.0)
	MS	164	4.8 (2.8)	0.3 (0.9)	0.0 (0.2)	0.4 (1.2)	0.4 (1.2)	0.0 (0.1)
	HS-B	35	6.6 (2.7)	1.7 (2.8)	0.3 (1.1)	0.7 (1.1)	0.7 (1.1)	0.0 (0.0)
	HS-A	47	8.7 (2.6)	2.1 (3.2)	0.2 (1.2)	1.1 (1.7)	1.1 (1.8)	0.0 (0.0)

MS middle school; MS-A advanced middle school students; HS-A advanced mathematics track high school; HS-B basic track high school; Acc accuracy; F flexibility; SF spontaneous flexibility; PF potential flexibility