Comparing learners’ knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes between two instructional modes of computer programming in secondary education

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 4 Independent t test of post-test of attitudinal findings under two instructional modes

	Dimensions	Modes	M	SD	t	p
Confidence	Post-test scores	IDL	3.38	1.05	− 1.47^*	0.010
	Post-test scores	UPP	4.11	1.03	− 1.47^*	0.010
	Differences	IDL	0.35	0.81	− 1.43	0.156
	Differences	UPP	0.70	0.44	− 1.43	0.156
Enjoyment	Post-test scores	IDL	4.13	1.15	− 0.57	0.492
	Post-test scores	UPP	4.24	0.97	− 0.57	0.492
	Differences	IDL	0.10	0.64	0.38	0.703
	Differences	UPP	0.03	0.59	0.38	0.703
Future interest	Post-test scores	IDL	3.94	1.03	− 0.94	0.324
	Post-test scores	UPP	4.00	1.03	− 0.94	0.324
	Differences	IDL	0.16	0.19	− 0.61	0.547
	Differences	UPP	0.34	0.38	− 0.61	0.547