Table 9 Initial version of the Math Motivation Questionnaire (MMQ)

Intrinsic value (5 items)

1

I enjoy learning math

16

The math I learn is more important to me than the grade I receive

22

I find learning math interesting

27

I like math that challenges me

30

Understanding math gives me a sense of accomplishment

Attainment value (3 items)

3

I like to do better than the other students on the math tests

7

Earning a good math grade is important to me

15

I think about how my math grade will affect my overall grade point average

Self-regulation (5 items)

5

If I am having trouble learning the math, I try to figure out why

8

I put enough effort into learning the math

9

I use strategies that ensure I learn math well

20

It is my fault if I do not understand math

26

I prepare well for math tests and quizzes

Self-efficacy (5 items)

12

I expect to do as well as or better than other students in the math course

21

I am confident I will do well on math assignments and projects

24

I believe I can master the knowledge and skills in the math course

28

I am confident I will do well on math tests

29

I believe I can earn a grade of “A” in the math course

Utility value (7 items)

2

The math I learn relates to my personal goals

10

I think about how learning math can help me get a good job

11

I think about how the math I learn will be helpful to me

17

I think about how learning math can help my career

19

I think about how I will use math I learn

23

The math I learn is relevant to my life

25

The math I learn has practical value for me

Test anxiety (5 items)

4

I am nervous about how I will do on the math tests

6

I become anxious when it is time to take a math test

13

I worry about failing math tests

14

I am concerned that the other students are better in math

18

I hate taking the math tests