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Table 2 Results of ANCOVA analyses for PISA 2015 mathematics test scores (estimated across ten plausible values) and Internet use variables, controlled for SES and gender

From: Internet use at and outside of school in relation to low- and high-stakes mathematics test scores across 3 years

Variables

Outcome: PISA 2015 mathematics test scores (estimated across ten plausible values)

Sum of squares

df

Mean square

F

η2p

Internet use at school

1,302,487.172

6

217,081.195

41.16***

.057

  SES

2,022,156.848

1

2,022,156.848

383.834***

.085

  Gender

39,064.899

1

39,064.899

7.389*

.002

  Residuals

21,635,560.675

4104

5271.823

  

Internet use outside of school

594,552.36

6

99,092.06

18.181***

.026

  SES

2,085,112.729

1

2,085,112.729

383.364***

.085

  Gender

74,486.838

1

74,486.838

13.648**

.003

  Residuals

22,343,495.487

4104

5444.322

  

Internet use on weekends

430,932.962

6

71,822.16

13.087***

.019

  SES

2,162,756.616

1

2,162,756.616

394.79***

.088

  Gender

74,721.417

1

74,721.417

13.583**

.003

  Residuals

22,507,114.886

4104

5484.19

  
  1. Notes: SES socioeconomic status index, η2p partial eta-squared. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001. PISA mathematics test scores are estimated across ten plausible values as suggested in OECD (2018).