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Table 5 Matched T-test results and effect sizes

From: Self-efficacy and belonging: the impact of a university makerspace

Factor

Pre

Post

Difference

P value

Effect size

Students who visited The Invention Space, n = 186

 Design

4.26

4.36

+ 0.10

0.0219

–

 Tinkering

4.22

4.28

+ 0.06

0.2565

–

 Analysis

4.15

4.23

+ 0.08

0.1174

–

 Innovation orientation

3.27

3.69

+ 0.42

0.0000*

0.57

 Design self-efficacy

3.21

4.02

+ 0.81

0.0000*

0.92

 Innovation self-efficacy

3.51

3.97

+ 0.46

0.0000*

0.54

 Technology self-efficacya

5.82

7.34

+ 1.52

0.0000*

0.80

 Belonging to makerspacea

4.63

6.32

+ 1.69

0.0000*

0.61

 Belonging to engineeringa

6.76

7.24

+ 0.48

0.0012*

0.19

Students who did not visit The Invention Space, n = 27

 Design

4.07

4.26

+ 0.19

0.0959

–

 Tinkering

4.41

4.28

− 0.12

0.2943

–

 Analysis

4.01

4.15

+ 0.16

0.2962

–

 Innovation orientation

3.19

3.54

+ 0.35

0.0304

–

 Design self-efficacy

3.37

3.91

+ 0.54

0.0091

–

 Innovation self-efficacy

3.69

3.93

+ 0.24

0.1521

–

 Technology self-efficacya

6.15

7.12

+ 0.97

0.0012*

0.60

 Belonging to Makerspacea

3.68

4.59

+ 0.90

0.1342

–

 Belonging to Engineeringa

6.58

6.88

+ 0.31

0.1779

–

  1. *An asterisk indicates statistical significance at p = 0.0028
  2. aIndicates a response scale of 0–10. All others are 1–5