Table 4 Means, standard deviations, and correlations between analytical variables, n = 213

1) Design

1.00

2) Tinkering

0.68

1.00

3) Analysis

0.60

0.41

1.00

4) Innovation orientation

0.33

0.27

0.26

1.00

5) Design self-efficacy

0.33

0.26

0.26

0.54

1.00

6) Innovation self-efficacy

0.43

0.34

0.35

0.61

0.68

1.00

7) Technology self-efficacy

0.36

0.28

0.32

0.59

0.67

0.65

1.00

8) Belonging to makerspace

0.31

0.25

0.34

0.38

0.43

0.37

0.44

1.00

9) Belonging to engineering

0.35

0.20

0.38

0.25

0.31

0.30

0.33

0.58

1.00

Items

7

2

3

6

2

2

4

3

3

Reliability (α)

0.84

0.61

0.70

0.80

0.83

0.78

0.87

0.96

0.94

Scale range

1–5

1–5

1–5

1–5

1–5

1–5

0–10

0–10

0–10

Mean (pre-survey)

4.23

4.24

4.13

3.26

3.22

3.53

5.86

4.51

6.74

Standard deviation (pre)

0.64

0.79

0.76

0.75

1.02

0.92

2.09

2.78

2.59