Table 4 Effects of time for lower and upper division students from RMANOVAs
Engineering attitudinal beliefs | Lower, n = 163 | Upper, n = 115 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (s.d.) | Difference | Effect size | Mean (s.d.) | Difference | Effect size | |||
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |||||
Attainment value | 4.52 (0.61) | 4.43 (0.84) | − 0.09 | 0.12 | 4.31 (0.80) | 4.10 (0.96) | − 0.21* | 0.24 |
Utility value | 4.39 (0.71) | 4.09 (0.87) | − 0.30* | 0.38 | 4.02 (0.85) | 3.89 (0.88) | − 0.13 | 0.15 |
Self-efficacy | 4.01 (0.58) | 3.85 (0.65) | − 0.16* | 0.26 | 3.94 (0.72) | 3.88 (0.72) | − 0.06 | 0.08 |
Interest | 4.54 (0.57) | 4.24 (0.74) | − 0.30* | 0.45 | 4.12 (0.91) | 4.16 (0.88) | + 0.04 | 0.04 |
Identity1 | 5.11 (1.27) | 5.02 (1.30) | − 0.09 | 0.07 | 4.83 (1.19) | 4.96 (1.37) | + 0.13 | 0.10 |