Gender gaps in the performance of Norwegian biology students: the roles of test anxiety and science confidence

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 1 Average confidence and test anxiety, by gender

	Gender	N	Mean	t (p value)	Std. deviation	Std. error mean	d
Pre-class test anxiety	Female	256	4.05	4.92 (0.000)	1.38	0.09	0.51
Pre-class test anxiety	Male	146	3.37		1.27	0.11
Pre-class confidence	Female	260	3.30	− 1.69 (0.091)	0.57	0.04	0.18
Pre-class confidence	Male	147	3.40		0.56	0.05