Fig. 3

Matrix representation of the CCPS model. The figure depicts all phases of the CCPS model and transitions between them using a matrix representation. The rows i of the matrix describe the phases from which a transition is outgoing, while the columns j describe the phases towards which the transition is made (e.g., ff₂₃ describes the transition from the phase USTD towards the phase IDEA). In this representation, feedforward transitions (i.e., transitions from a phase to one of the subsequent ones) are on the upper triangular matrix (green). Feedback transitions (i.e., transitions from one phase to one of the preceding ones) are on the lower triangular matrix (red). Self-transitions (i.e., the remaining in a phase) are not considered in this representation (dashes). The theoretically most efficient problem-solving cycle is highlighted in yellow (ff₂₃–ff₃₄–ff₄₅–ff₅₆–ff₆₂)