Fig. 4

Proportion of responses by category for each question in the a multiple-choice (MC) and b multiple-true-false (MTF) formats, as predicted by best-fit model parameters. Questions are ordered by average mastery level across the two formats, such that “harder” questions are to the left and “easier” questions are to the right. Bar colors represent the modeled proportion of students giving an answer pattern through a particular approach, as described in the legends. T*** represents a correct answer to the true statement and at least one incorrect answer to one of the remaining false statements. F*** represents an incorrect answer to the true statement and any combination of answers to the remaining statements. Correct and fully correct responses are bolded, which highlights the distribution of approaches by which students can select the correct MC answer as opposed to the MTF format where students achieve a fully correct answer more strictly through a mastery approach